民族学刊

语言是文化的载体，国家通用语言文字学习和使用是中华各民族深入交往交流交融的基础。20世纪初期，中国西藏地方面临英国和沙俄两大帝国主义国家的虎视眈眈，以及西藏地方信息相对闭塞、经济发展滞后、民族分裂势力显现的内忧外患局面，清政府驻藏大臣联豫通过在西藏地方创办汉文传习所、藏文传习所、《西藏白话报》、译书局、新式学堂等措施在西藏地方大力推广汉语文学习与使用，为西藏地方社会事业的发展培养了一批通晓汉语文的人才。联豫在西藏地方推广汉语文的行动，促进了西藏地方各民族之间的交往交流交融，加强了民族团结和维护国家领土统一与主权完整、促进了西藏地方社会经济的发展，清末驻藏大臣联豫在西藏地方推广汉语文的行动对于我们当今传承中华民族优秀传统文化，构筑中华民族共有精神家园，铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有一定的借鉴意义。

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries,Xizang remained relatively isolated,economically underdeveloped,and culturally homogeneous.During this period,ethnic separatist forces continued to rise up in an attempt to realize the dream of "independence for Xizang" with support from the British and Indian governments.Accounts suggest that in response to both internal and external problems in Xizang,Lian Yu,the minister stationed in Xizang by the Qing government,implemented several measures:He apparently established a Chinese and a Tibetan language school,started the Tibetan Vernacular Newspaper,created a Bureau of Translation together with a new type of school,and implemented other measures to vigorously promote the study and use of the Chinese language in Xizang.In fact,young people of Tibetan,Han,Hui,and other ethnic groups in Xizang were provided with a comprehensive education that included studying mainly Chinese alongside the study,for example,of Tibetan reading,translation and interpretation,arithmetic,physical education,history,geography,physics,and gymnastics.The goal was to cultivate talented individuals proficient in both Chinese and Tibetan in Xizang.It is furthermore found that Lian Yu's actions to promote the Chinese language in Xizang achieved several outcomes:1) They not only trained a group of talented people skilled in Chinese but evidently also fostered closer relationships between the Han and Tibetan,facilitating greater interaction,exchange,and integration.This arguably promoted mutual understanding and shared destiny among all ethnic groups in China and enhanced the unity of the Chinese nation through the interconnectedness of the language;2) it can be,moreover,concluded that his efforts embodied his patriotic feelings as a border official and played a role in reinforcing an identification of various ethnic groups in Xizang with the motherland.It can also be said that they curbed,to a certain extent,the rise of ethnic separatism in Xizang,served as a kind of remedial measure taken during the Late Qing period to solve the national crisis at that time.This ostensibly helped strengthen the identification of the various ethnic groups in Xizang with the motherland,consolidate the national defense of the southwestern frontier areas of China and safeguard the country's territorial integrity and sovereignty;3) it would seem that the promotion of modern natural science knowledge had a certain progressive impact on Xizang's socioeconomic development,breaking its longstanding economic stagnation,improving living standards of the people of all ethnic groups there,and fostering overall economic growth;4) lastly,it seems obvious that Lianyu's reforms contributed to a measure of modernization and enlightenment of ancient Xizang,promoted intellectual liberation,updated societal concepts,and infused Tibetan society with new ideas.This conceivably laid the groundwork for a new modern atmosphere in the Tibetan areas.Based on the previous,it can be said that Lian Yu's promotion of the Chinese language in Xizang holds valuable lessons for contemporary efforts to preserve and pass on traditional excellent Chinese culture of the Chinese nation,construct a shared spiritual home for the Chinese nation,and forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.