民族学刊

语言接触是民族交往、文化接触、语言交流的必然结果，可以分为直接接触和间接接触、强势接触和弱势接触、文化借用和密切借用等类型，语言岛或方言岛是语言接触的特殊类型。语言接触是影响语言历时变化和共时变异的基本条件，其程度可分为浅度、中度和深度三个层级。在近亲语言接触条件下，弱势语言通过双语或多语人的语码转换、语码夹杂、借用语言成分等方式，在语言使用者无意识状态下逐步形成混合语。语言类型差异和亲缘关系是影响语言接触的内部因素，语言的社会文化地位和实用功能则是影响语言接触程度的外部因素，二者均为影响语言接触的客观因素；语言态度和语言认同是影响语言接触程度的社会心理因素，是主观因素。语言接触的本质是人的接触，因此，从铸牢中华民族共同体意识的角度出发，考察语言接触导致的历时变化和共时变异规律，探讨语言接触在民族交往交流交融过程中的历史特点和现实需求，充分挖掘其理论和应用价值，不仅有助于深化对中华民族“三交”史的整体认识，揭示多民族交融共生的历史轨迹和文明演进过程，为中华民族共同体学的学科建设提供语言学实证和研究方式，也可进一步丰富中华民族共同体学的学科内涵。

Taking language contact as the central theme, this study reviews the perspectives of American descriptive linguist Leonard Bloom-field, historical linguist Thomson S. G., and an-thropological linguist Einar Ingvald Haugen on lan-guage borrowing and contact phenomena. By in-tegrating the linguistic realities of China and the complexities of contact situations, the research ex-amines the characteristics of both diachronic and synchronic linguistic change through the lenses of contact types, intensity, and influential factors, ultimately proposing viewpoints that diverge from the established positions of these scholars. The study furthermore posits that language contact is an inevitable outcome of ethnic interac-tion, cultural exchange, and linguistic communica-tion. It categorizes language contact into distinct categories, including direct and indirect, dominant and subordinate, cultural borrowing, and close borrowing. Language islands or dialect islands re-present a special form of language contact. It is found that language contact serves as a fundamen-tal condition influencing both diachronic change and synchronic variation within languages, with in-tensity classified into three levels: Shallow, mod-erate, and deep. Indirect contact predominantly manifests as shallow contact, where “cultural bor-rowing” is characterized by a “top-down” dynamic. Written language and mass media serve as primary channels, with “cultural elites” acting as the main agentsdisseminating linguistic elements. In contrast, “close borrowing” exhibits a “bottom-up” characteristic, with folk communication being the primary channel and the general populace driv-ing the diffusion of linguistic elements. Moreover, the paper shows that language borrowing—resulting from indirect, shallow contact—does not necessari-ly require bilingual intermediaries, whereas direct contact primarily relies on bilingual mediation and often results in moderate or deep contact. Both forms necessitate bilingual individuals and corre-sponding communication patterns as prerequisites. When bilinguals in bilingual societies borrow for-eign elements, incomplete second language learners, constrained by their native language habits during acquisition and use, are more prone to code-mixing or code-switching and are more likely to use loanwords or sentence structures influenced by their native language. Drawing on examples of language contact within China, this study further proposes a new perspective: Under conditions of contact between closely related languages, the weaker language user can naturally form a mixed language through code-switching, code-mixing, and borrowing linguistic elements by bilingual or multilingual individuals, often unconsciously. Lin-guistic factors affecting contact include typological differences and linguistic affinity, while external factors affecting contact intensity encompass a language's social status, cultural significance, and practical utility—all being objective elements. So-ciopsychological factors such as language attitudes and linguistic identity, however, constitute subjec-tive influences on contact intensity. Ultimately, the essence of language contact lies in human in-teraction. Therefore,to foster a strong sense of communi-ty for the Chinese nation, it is deemed necessary to examine the patterns of diachronic linguistic change and synchronic variation resulting from lan-guage contact, while exploring its historical char-acteristics and contemporary demands throughout the process of ethnic communication, interaction, and integration, collectively referred to as the “Three Contacts. ” A full search of their theoretical and applied value can enrich a comprehensive un-derstanding of the history of these “ Three Con-tacts” among ethnic groups, reveal the historical processes of multi-ethnic integration and coexis-tence as well as the evolution of civilization, pro-vide linguistic empirical evidence and research pathways for the disciplinary construction of Chi-nese National Community Studies, and also enrich the connotation of the disciplinary system of the study of Chinese National Community.