民族学刊

全面提升易地扶贫搬迁社区国家通用语言文字推广的广度与深度，是“实现巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接”的重要途径。云南易地扶贫搬迁社区地处边疆，国家通用语言文字推广面临搬迁社区语言适应与民族地区语言学习的双重困境。具体而言，语言适应难题表现为：语言环境改变增加就业难度、居民对民族语言传承与普通话提升的平衡心存顾虑、通用语言文字水平偏低且使用场景有限；语言学习困难则体现为：学习动力不足、障碍较多、机会匮乏。调查显示，上述困境由多重因素共同导致：客观层面包括外部环境限制、政策宣传落实覆盖不全面、推广对象时间与精力有限等；主观层面则涉及认知水平不足、自我驱动力欠缺、存在“厌学”心理等。针对这些问题，可从两方面提出策略：宏观调控层面，需加大宣传动员、分批分类推广培训、推行“职业技能+普通话”融合模式；微观调动层面，应调动社会各界力量参与，运用现代信息技术手段，鼓励不同群体积极投入推广工作。

The promotion of the national common language in poverty alleviation relocation communities in Yunnan ethnic border areas is seen as crucial for improving the self-development skills of the displaced individuals,and constitute a necessary and significant step in "effectively connecting the consolidation and expansion of poverty alleviation achievements with rural revitalization." Communities involved in Yunnan ex-situ poverty alleviation and relocation are frequently located in border regions,where ethnic minorities coexist and the linguistic landscape is complex.These communities face heightened challenges in popularizing the national common language and characters,because of the combined challenges of people's language adaptation in the relocated communities and language learning in ethnic areas.Key manifestations of language adaptation problems include:Significant shifts in the language environment since the relocation,which hinder employment opportunities for relocated people;second,residents of the relocated communities typically have to balance proficiency in Putonghua,with preserving their ethnic languages;and third,a generally low proficiency in the national common language,and an infrequent use thereof among the residents of relocated communities.Additionally,displaced people typically struggle with issues like low motivation for learning,numerous learning challenges,and a lack of learning opportunities.They are also constrained by age and educational background,as well as a shortage of teachers and training materials.Field research on five poverty alleviation relocation communities in Yunnan Province identifies several factors contributing to the challenges of promoting the national common language:Limited time and energy of target populations,incomplete policy publicity coverage,external environmental restrictions,and subjective factors such as low cognitive levels,lack of self-motivation,and " learning fatigue." Several focused promotion techniques are proposed to address these challenges in border ethnic areas' poverty alleviation relocation communities:At the macro level,mobilization and publicity efforts should be enhanced;the displaced residents should be educated about the value of Putonghua via various means;and their learning enthusiasm should be stimulated.To guarantee the training effectiveness,classification training in batches should be conducted,and individualized training plans should be created for individuals with varying ages and educational backgrounds.Additionally,the " vocational skills plus Putonghua" training model should be actively encouraged,combining Putonghua learning with vocational skill enhancement to increase the employability of these relocated residents.At the micro level,multi-stakeholder participation in popularization efforts should be encouraged and these relocated residents should be provided more diversified educational materials and guidance.More convenient learning channels should be provided for the relocated residents using contemporary information technology.In order to create a favorable environment for the popularization of the national common language,the roles of various groups should be given full play.Through coordinated macro-control and micro-mobilization,the popularization and application level of the national common language in these relocation communities will be successfully increased,offering strong linguistic support for implementing the rural revitalization strategy.